Which theoretical perspective argues that crime is a product of environmental and social conditions?

The theoretical perspective that argues crime is a product of environmental and social conditions is social disorganization theory. This theory posits that a person's residential location significantly influences their risk of engaging in criminal behavior. It emphasizes that crime is more likely to occur in areas where social institutions, such as family, schools, and community organizations, are weakened and unable to effectively exert social control.

Social disorganization theory arose from the Chicago School of Sociology in the early 20th century and highlights how factors like poverty, residential instability, and lack of community engagement create an environment conducive to crime. In neighborhoods where social ties and relationships are fragile, individuals are less likely to discourage criminal activity, leading to higher rates of crime. This perspective underscores the importance of social context and structural issues in understanding crime, rather than attributing it to individual characteristics alone.

In contrast, classical theory primarily focuses on the notion that individuals have free will and make rational choices regarding their involvement in crime, which does not inherently consider environmental influences. Labeling theory deals with the social processes that label individuals as criminals, thus influencing their future behavior but does not directly link crime to environmental conditions. Positivist theory emphasizes scientific methods in understanding criminal behavior, often considering biological or psychological factors rather than social or environmental