What is considered the primary focus of deterrence theory as proposed by Beccaria?

The primary focus of deterrence theory as proposed by Cesare Beccaria centers on the idea that crime can be prevented through the implementation of effective punishment. Beccaria argued that to deter individuals from committing crimes, the punishments must be proportionate, swift, and certain. The rationale is that if potential offenders perceive the consequences of their actions as severe enough, they will be discouraged from engaging in criminal behavior. This approach emphasizes the role of punishment as a means to maintain social order by discouraging crime rather than focusing on the emotional aspects, such as fear without the framework of proportionality and certainty, or the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders. Beccaria's work laid the groundwork for modern criminological theories that advocate for a systematic and rational approach to criminal justice and punishment, making prevention through effective punishment a core tenet of deterrence theory.